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"We have also sound-houses, where we practice and
demonstrate all sounds, and their generation…. We have also means
to convey sounds in pipes, in strange lines and distances". - Francis Bacon, in his essay "New Atlantis" (1627) Context Thomas Edison was developing a device that could record, then replay at high speed, telegraph signals when he made the first recording of the human voice (Phonograph, 1877). Elisha Gray, who came a close second to Alexander Graham Bell for the title of inventor of the telephone, instead is known as the inventor of the first of the early electronic musical instruments (Musical Telegraph, 1875). Thaddeus Cahill built the precursor to the synthesizer (Telharmonium, 1906), a remarkable machine capable of not only generating but also broadcasting music to public and private residences using telephone technology. Despite these close beginnings surrounding the technologies of music and those of telephone communication, the World Wide Web remains largely a quiet ‘place’, often more akin to a public library than an integrated multimedia experience. This is not to say that the internet is mute, far from it, but the relatively slow speed of data transfer typically encountered has precluded the use of audio files from many websites which would otherwise greatly benefit from musical support. Most of us are paying by the minute for our time spent online and as a consequence internet-music is often seen as an expensive and expendable luxury, typically one of the first elements cast aside if a Web Designer hopes for many and regular visitors or ‘hits’ to a website. The Web Designer who is determined to include a musical ingredient is generally forced into tough decisions; a balance of efficiency against quality. One possibility for example might be to make use of the MIDI standard, which involves very small file sizes and as such does not greatly affect the time a website would take to download. Initially this would appear to be a neat solution, as rather than sending digitally encoded sound, we send instructions (rather like a musical score) which are interpreted at the receivers end. However, without knowledge of the exact specification of the end user’s equipment one can never be completely sure how the result will be heard, if at all. Another option might be to utilize short looped segments of compressed digital audio which, although might suit certain applications, will eventually tire even the most tolerant ears. Using longer and more varied segments of digital audio would in turn affect the all important download time. There are other options available such as MODs, which allow for the efficiency of MIDI in conjunction with small personalized audio samples, or an open connection could be established through which a continuous flow of audio data could be fed (streaming - QuickTime, RealAudio). However for this method to function effectively quite often only a reduced range of frequencies (or narrow bandwidth) can be sent. This said, as technology continues to progress, and there is certainly a desire within the Music Industry to utilize the internet as a means of music delivery (along with other forms of entertainment), we should expect changes and technological advances to cope with the current obstacles. We have already seen some impressive steps forward, for example the introduction of MP3 (a low-loss audio compression which greatly reduces the size of an audio file whilst maintaining high fidelity). In 1997 MP3.com was founded and offered approximately 3000 compressed songs available for free download. In 1998 it became the leading music site on the Internet and received over three million visitors per month, this of course did not pass unnoticed by the commercial eyes of the Music Industry. More recently we have witnessed the merging of already giant companies from each end of the Music / Internet Service spectrum, along with the forced demise of ‘Napster’ (an unofficial program which allowed users to search and download music files from other users hard drives). We have seen the introduction of new legislation concerning the copyright of digital media and ‘Webcasting’ of music. We are also beginning to see a wide-scale take up of ‘Broadband Internet’ by home users. ‘Broadband’ promises much improved transmission speeds and almost certainly brings us one step closer to interactive television and music broadcasting via the internet. In the year 2000, the CA*net3 fiber optic network in Canada became the fastest computer network in the world capable of transmitting all nine symphonies of Beethoven in 0.065 seconds. Internet Audio Experiments I find the idea of sharing new musical works, installations, experiments and instruments which have been specially devised for fast internet delivery very interesting, yet one that has not really been widely taken up. Interesting, in that here is a medium without commercial obstacles, one that easily allows material which may appeal only to a local minority, to find a larger global audience. I suppose that it is partly because of this freedom, because of the
inherent challenge of creating new works for a new medium which are efficient
yet interesting (greater than the sum of the parts), and partly because
if the ‘Web’ is to become a more interesting ‘place’,
music technologists and composers should perhaps begin to claim a much
larger stake. For all of all of these reasons and for personal development,
I have decided to begin tentative research into the current possibilities,
and limitations of transmitting a variety of music related applications
across computer networks. I also hope that along the way I might gain
an insight into the work that has already been completed and the possible
future directions to which this exciting field might lead. Still very much in its early stage, my research into the potential of the internet as a vehicle to deliver musical applications (or perhaps more correctly the suitability of this area to the internet), has started with the completion of a few simple experiments, some of which at the time of writing can be found here. Initially this research is solely concerned with available options when small file sizes are of real importance. It is not my intention to investigate methods in which existing musical works could be delivered via the internet as this is quite straight forward, rather to explore the associated technology and options in a creative way and to invent strategies for composition, installation or interactive instrument construction that suit this new medium. Work of this nature seems to have been given the label - ‘Soundtoys’,
and this seems to encompass many new electronic art forms, interactive
environments / games / educational resources, generative musical experiments
and pretty much anything else which unites the audio and visual aspects
of new technologies through the internet. Before I go on to describe my work in a little more detail I feel it necessary to stress that I am aware, now more than ever, of the existing and much more advanced research currently being conducted in this field. On a personal level my primary areas of interest lie firmly in the composing of new music and in education, hardly qualified as a programmer I am content to scratch the surface of this new subject, whilst keeping an interested eye on the true innovations which will help to shape the future of a more sonically interesting internet. The Experiments WCM: Wind Chime
Marimba i. Notes (samples) are triggered when any Note-Object collides with the larger Trigger-Object, there are twelve Note-Objects representing the pitches from one chromatic octave. ii. Dynamic stereo position and loudness are derived from the respective X and Y coordinates of each collision. Therefore a collision occurring in the lower-right corner of the screen would result in a pianissimo sample heard in the right speaker only. iii. When a collision occurs within the Roll-Area, represented by a moving blue square, a roll articulation is activated, rather than a single hit. iv. The ‘Repeat-Object’ is toggled upon contact with the Trigger-Object and creates the effect of an echo. v. Objects ‘Accel.’ and ‘Rit.’, alter the velocity of the Trigger-Object upon contact and can dramatically affect the density of the music. I believe that there are many possible applications and future directions for this work. For example, the rules outlined above could be extended or further timbres could be introduced to create much more varied and less aleatoric results. It would also be a simple step to dispense with the visual content altogether yet still employ the engine as a generator for ever changing background music for a website. However, personally I quite like the idea of allowing people to view the ‘mechanics’ at work, perhaps it gives extra purpose to the music when one can predict what is likely to happen by visually tracking the Trigger-Object? CLARA: Internet
Instrument VDS: Virtual
Drum Skin i. Initial grain and drum position. I view this work as a combination of the two aforementioned experiments as here the user can interact with the environment, exploring the effect upon the musical output. FPP: Flash
Player Piano PATTERN
CHAIN: Internet Instrument i. Material – spring or elastic. The instrument has a 3 octave compass and the resulting patterns can be notated in real time. Future Directions "The internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability,
a mechanism for information dissemination, and medium for collaboration
and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard
for geographical location" As previously stated the single common factor that makes these experiments suited to the internet is that they are very small in file size. Although I feel that these experiments as they stand do have potential to be developed further and to be utilized in many different areas, at this stage I have made use of the internet merely as a means of delivering files and instructions. In short for all of the accompanying experiments, the user first downloads all the necessary components (mostly audio samples) and then their computer (sometimes in conjunction with input from the user) is given instructions as to how and when the component parts are to be played. Therefore nonlinear musical works or instruments can be realised from building blocks and a set of rules. I acknowledge that at this point none of these experiments truly explore the wide range of possibilities the internet has to offer, there is actually no limiting reason why these experiments could not be delivered by floppy disk for example. However the next step that I hope to take is to introduce two-way communication into subsequent projects, this may be either to and from a server or possibly from user to user. I feel that there is great potential in this area and by taking this step I would certainly ensure that my further research is truly internet specific and dependent. An example of this might be an internet multi-user environment that could allow many people to simultaneously collaborate on, discuss, listen to and interact with a new work as it is being generated. I hope that people enjoy these initial experiments, and that this accompanying paper might spark some discussion regarding this extremely interesting area. I will continue to post my research as it grows to the spnm website, and it would be great to see a few more experiments by others appearing there too. Rob Wright, spnm short listed composer What do you think? We would welcome any responses to the articles featured in new notes. Click here to read what other people have thought about recent cover articles. The monthly listings magazine new
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